The scientific term for organisms that break down organic matter is decomposers. These organisms, which include bacteria, fungi, and certain insects, play a crucial role in ecosystems by recycling nutrients back into the soil. They decompose dead plants, animals, and waste, which helps to maintain nutrient cycling and soil fertility. By breaking down complex organic materials into simpler forms, decomposers facilitate the availability of essential nutrients for primary producers, such as plants, thus sustaining the entire food web.