Internet protocols facilitate data transmission by defining rules for how data is packaged, addressed, transmitted, and received over networks. The most fundamental protocol is TCP/IP, which breaks data into packets and ensures their reliable delivery. HTTP is a protocol used for transferring web pages, while FTP is designed for file transfers. Protocols ensure that devices, regardless of their underlying technologies, can communicate seamlessly. By adhering to these standards, data can be exchanged across diverse networks, allowing for smooth and efficient operation of the internet.