Characteristics of a NoSQL database include flexibility, scalability, and the ability to handle unstructured data. Unlike traditional relational databases, NoSQL solutions can store varied data formats, such as documents, key-value pairs, or graphs without requiring a predefined schema. This adaptability allows for horizontal scaling, accommodating increased loads by distributing data across multiple servers. Additionally, NoSQL databases typically offer high performance for large-scale applications, making them suitable for real-time analytics and big data processing. Their modern architecture is designed to meet the demands of contemporary applications, including cloud computing and distributed systems, providing efficient data management solutions.