The main components of a cyber-physical system include physical entities (hardware), computational elements (software), and the communication networks that connect them. The physical entities can be sensors, actuators, or machines that interact with the environment, while computational elements handle data processing and decision-making. Communication networks enable real-time information exchange between these components. Together, these elements create integrated systems that can monitor and control physical processes, like in smart manufacturing or autonomous vehicles, thereby enhancing efficiency and functionality.