In digital communication, the term ‘spam’ refers to unsolicited and often irrelevant messages sent over the internet, particularly through email. These messages aim to promote products or services and can flood users' inboxes, making it difficult to find important communication. Spam can also include malware and phishing attempts, posing risks to security. Effective spam filters help manage and reduce the influx of such messages, protecting users from potential threats and improving their online experience.