The main characteristic of microservices architecture is its modular structure, where applications are broken down into small, independent services. Each microservice operates its own process and communicates with others through lightweight protocols, often using APIs. This approach enhances scalability, as different services can be developed, deployed, and maintained independently. It also enables teams to use diverse technologies tailored to each service's needs. Overall, microservices architecture promotes flexibility and faster time-to-market, allowing organizations to adapt swiftly to changing business requirements.