Git plays a significant role in collaborative programming by providing a robust version control system that manages changes to source code over time. It enables multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously while tracking modifications, ensuring that contributions can be merged without conflict. Git supports branching, allowing teams to experiment with new features or fix bugs without affecting the main codebase. This capability enhances collaboration by fostering an efficient workflow and maintaining code integrity. Additionally, platforms like GitHub and GitLab build on Git's capabilities, offering hosting services and tools for enhanced collaboration among developers and teams.