The technology primarily responsible for data encryption is known as cryptography. Cryptography employs algorithms to convert plaintext into ciphertext, rendering it unreadable to unauthorized users. This process ensures data confidentiality and integrity. Popular encryption methods include asymmetric and symmetric encryption. Asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys (public and private), while symmetric encryption relies on a single shared key. Both methods are essential in securing communications, authenticating identities, and protecting sensitive data.